Concurrent parent–child relationship quality is associated with an imprinting-like effect in children's facial preferences

a r t i c l e i n f o Humans have been shown to display phenomena resembling sexual imprinting, whereby adults are attracted to features in potential mates which resemble their opposite sex parent. In humans this may be particularly so when the parent–child relationship is positive, but there are currently limited data elucidating the causes of these patterns. Here we investigate whether such preferences can be documented in children on the cusp of puberty, for whom prospective data exist on parent–child relationships. Sixty 9-year-olds and their parents were recruited from a British longitudinal sample who have been studied since infancy. Parents were photographed, and children were then presented with stimuli in which a computer generated face was manipulated to appear more or less like the parent. Children also reported on their current relationship with each parent. Although attachment at 15 months did not predict imprinting at 9 years of age, children reporting a more accepting current relationship with their parents preferred parental features significantly more than those who reported a more rejecting relationship with their parents. These data support the suggestion that imprinting-like phenomena in humans may arise through associative learning. Sexual imprinting, the phenomenon whereby individuals' mate choice is influenced at an early stage by the features of their parents (or foster parents), has been well documented in non-human species (for a review see Rantala & Marcinkowska, 2011). In certain mate-choice relevant contexts, there is also evidence that human adults prefer individuals with features that resemble their parents. For example, Little, Penton-Voak, Burt, and Perrett (2003) found that participants reported their romantic partners possessed similar hair and eye colors to those of their opposite-sex parents. Similarly, Jedlicka (1980) found that men were likely to marry women of the same ethnic origins as their mothers, whereas women tended to marry men of the same ethnic origins as their fathers. More recently, Rantala, Pölkki, and Rantala (2010) found that the reported hairiness of women's fathers was correlated with women's reports of the hairiness of their romantic partners, as well as their preferences for the presence or absence of body hair in images of male torsos. Parental age relative to oneself (Perrett et al., 2002) as well as parental personality characteristics (Gyuris, Jarai, & Bereczkei, 2010) have also been shown to be associated with adults' preferences for similar characteristics in potential and actual partners, respectively. Collectively, these studies present …